Compared to many European languages like Latin, French, German, the English language is rather young. It borrows a lot of phrases and words from other languages. The following passage introduces some English usage and their origin related to Chinese culture.

Cindy Lee

catsup
from ke tziap; a condiment first used in the Roman Empire, sometimes spelled ketchup

chopstick
slender stick eating utensil; only the first part of the word is Chinese, from Cantonese kap meaning fast; see also chop-chop

chop suey
dish prepared from bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, water chestnuts, onions, mushrooms, meat or fish, rice and soy sauce; from Cantonese shap (miscellaneous) sui (bit)

chow
food, victuals; perhaps from Chinese spoken around Peking: chiao meaning meat dumpling; spinoff words such as chowhound, chow line, chowtime, etc.

chow mein
stew of shredded meat, mushrooms and vegetables served with fried noodles; from Peking Chinese ch'ao3 mien4

dim sum
Date: 1948; traditional Chinese food consisting of a variety of items (as steamed or fried dumplings, pieces of cooked chicken, and rice balls) served in small portions.

soy sauce
made from subjecting beans to long fermentation and digestion in brine; also contributed to soybean, soya-bean, soybean oil; from Cantonese shi yau meaning soybean oil

Another good source of foreign words which English speakers have not been able to avoid taking into their language are those which describe customs so strange to them that they simply have no local word yet to call them. Distant, exotic China has certainly supplied its share of these.

cheongsam
an oriental dress with a slit skirt and a mandarin collar; from Chinese (Guangdong) cheuhng-sAam, literally, long gown; Date: 1952

chop-chop
quickly, without delay; from Cantonese kap meaning fast

cumshaw
present, gratuity; from Xiamen kam si meaning a grateful thanks

feng shui
Chinese geomancy

kowtow
to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground in homage or to show obvious deference; from Peking Chinese k'o1 t'ou2

tai chi chuan
from Chinese spoken around Beijing: taijiquan, from taiji the Absolute in Chinese cosmology + quan fist, boxing; Date: 1954; an ancient Chinese discipline of meditative movements practiced as a system of exercises -- called also tai chi, t'ai chi

Besides food, English speakers have interacted with Chinese in other ways, sometimes encountering things so unique that they don't know what to call them. It could be an occupation, a dog breed or a weather phenomenon, but the result is the same, borrow the word the locals use. By the way, the English word "hurricane" is borrowed also, from the Caribbean.

chow chow
heavy-coated dog with a broad head and muzzle, full ruff of hair and a blue-black tongue; akin to Cantonese kau which means dog

gob
sailor; Date: 1915; from a Chinese word for sailor?

mah jongg
a game of Chinese origin usually played by four persons with 144 tiles that are drawn and discarded until one player secures a winning hand; from Mah-Jongg, a trademark; 1920. Variants include mahjong and mah-jongg.

sampan
a flat-bottomed Chinese skiff usually propelled by two short oars; from Chinese around Guangdong saambaan, from saam three + baan board, plank; 1620

tai pan
a leading business entrepreneur, particularly in Hong Kong (Cantonese)

typhoon
a great windstorm, hurricane, from taii (great) fung (wind)
Rather special are cases of words which refer back to language itself. The first did not come from Chinese, but was transformed by it while the second describes the transliteration method.

pidgin
a simplified speech used for communication between people with different languages from "pidgin English", pidgin being the word in pidgin English for "business", i.e. a changed form of the English word "business". Pidgin English is/was a form of Chinese English used for business purposes in the Orient.

pinyin
A system for romanizing Chinese ideograms in which tones are indicated by diacritics and unaspirated consonants are transcribed as voiced. (Another such system is called WADE-GILES.) From Chinese (Beijing) pInyIn to spell phonetically, from pIn to arrange + yIn sound, pronunciation. date: 1963

Finally, two word have arrived into English simply by being named after a Chinese place.

kaolin
a fine usually white clay that is used in ceramics and refractory, as a filler or extender, and in medicine especially as an adsorbent in the treatment of diarrhea, from French kaolin, from Gaoling hill in China; circa 1741

shanghai
to forcibly abduct someone into service, from the practice of sea captains in San Francisco who got sailors drunk in order to impress them aboard their ships bound for Shanghai, China

Source: http://spotlightongames.com/quote/chinesewords.html